ReadWriteLock
ReadWriteLock
Synchronized 存在明显的一个性能问题就是读与读之间互斥，简言之就是，我们编程想要实现的最好效果是，可以做到读和读互不影响，读和写互斥，写和写互斥，提高读写的效率，如何实现呢？Java 并发包中 ReadWriteLock 顾名思义读写锁将读写分离，细化了锁的粒度，照顾到性能的优化。主要有两个方法，如下：
public interface ReadWriteLock {
/**
* Returns the lock used for reading.
*
* @return the lock used for reading
*/
Lock readLock();
/**
* Returns the lock used for writing.
*
* @return the lock used for writing
*/
Lock writeLock();
}
ReadWriteLock 管理一组锁，一个是只读的锁，一个是写锁。Java 并发库中 ReetrantReadWriteLock 实现了 ReadWriteLock 接口并添加了可重入的特性。
特性
获取锁的顺序
-
非公平模式（默认）：当以非公平初始化时，读锁和写锁的获取的顺序是不确定的。非公平锁主张竞争获取，可能会延缓一个或多个读或写线程，但是会比公平锁有更高的吞吐量。
-
公平模式：当以公平模式初始化时，线程将会以队列的顺序获取锁。当当前线程释放锁后，等待时间最长的写锁线程就会被分配写锁；或者有一组读线程组等待时间比写线程长，那么这组读线程组将会被分配读锁。
可重入
public class Test1 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
final ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock ();
Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
lock.writeLock().lock();
System.out.println("Thread real execute");
lock.writeLock().unlock();
}
});
lock.writeLock().lock();
lock.writeLock().lock();
t.start();
Thread.sleep(200);
System.out.println("realse one once");
lock.writeLock().unlock();
}
}
锁降级
要实现一个读写锁，需要考虑很多细节，其中之一就是锁升级和锁降级的问题。什么是升级和降级呢？ReadWriteLock 的 javadoc 有一段话：在不允许中间写入的情况下，写入锁可以降级为读锁吗？读锁是否可以升级为写锁，优先于其他等待的读取或写入操作？简言之就是说，锁降级：从写锁变成读锁；锁升级：从读锁变成写锁，ReadWriteLock 是否支持呢？
public class Test1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ReentrantReadWriteLock rtLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
rtLock.readLock().lock();
System.out.println("get readLock.");
rtLock.writeLock().lock(); // 会被阻塞
System.out.println("blocking");
}
}
public class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ReentrantReadWriteLock rtLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
rtLock.writeLock().lock();
System.out.println("writeLock");
rtLock.readLock().lock(); // 正常执行
System.out.println("get read lock");
}
}
ReentrantReadWriteLock 支持锁降级，上面代码不会产生死锁。这段代码虽然不会导致死锁，但没有正确的释放锁。从写锁降级成读锁，并不会自动释放当前线程获取的写锁，仍然需要显示的释放，否则别的线程永远也获取不到写锁。
基础使用
// synchronized 实现
public class ReadAndWriteLockTest {
public synchronized static void get(Thread thread) {
System.out.println("start time:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(20);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":正在进行读操作……");
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":读操作完毕！");
System.out.println("end time:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
get(Thread.currentThread());
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
get(Thread.currentThread());
}
}).start();
}
}
// ReetrantReadWriteLock 实现
public class ReadAndWriteLockTest {
ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
public static void get(Thread thread) {
lock.readLock().lock();
System.out.println("start time:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(20);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":正在进行读操作……");
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":读操作完毕！");
System.out.println("end time:" + System.currentTimeMillis());
lock.readLock().unlock();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
get(Thread.currentThread());
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
get(Thread.currentThread());
}
}).start();
}
}
从 synchronized 运行结果可以看出，两个线程的读操作是顺序执行的，整个过程大概耗时 200ms。从 ReetrantReadWriteLock 运行结果可以看出，两个线程的读操作是同时执行的，整个过程大概耗时 100ms。通过两次实验的对比，我们可以看出来，ReetrantReadWriteLock 的效率明显高于 Synchronized 关键字。
ReetrantReadWriteLock 读写锁互斥关系
ReetrantReadWriteLock 读写锁关系
/**
*
* ReetrantReadWriteLock实现
*
*/
public class ReadAndWriteLockTest {
public static ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
public static void main(String[] args) {
//同时读、写
ExecutorService service = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
service.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
readFile(Thread.currentThread());
}
});
service.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
writeFile(Thread.currentThread());
}
});
}
// 读操作
public static void readFile(Thread thread) {
lock.readLock().lock();
boolean readLock = lock.isWriteLocked();
if (!readLock) {
System.out.println("当前为读锁！");
}
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(20);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":正在进行读操作……");
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":读操作完毕！");
} finally {
System.out.println("释放读锁！");
lock.readLock().unlock();
}
}
// 写操作
public static void writeFile(Thread thread) {
lock.writeLock().lock();
boolean writeLock = lock.isWriteLocked();
if (writeLock) {
System.out.println("当前为写锁！");
}
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(20);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":正在进行写操作……");
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":写操作完毕！");
} finally {
System.out.println("释放写锁！");
lock.writeLock().unlock();
}
}
}
读写锁的实现必须确保写操作对读操作的内存影响。换句话说，一个获得了读锁的线程必须能看到前一个释放的写锁所更新的内容，读写锁之间为互斥。
ReetrantReadWriteLock 写锁关系
public class ReadAndWriteLockTest {
public static ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
public static void main(String[] args) {
//同时写
ExecutorService service = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
service.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
writeFile(Thread.currentThread());
}
});
service.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
writeFile(Thread.currentThread());
}
});
}
// 读操作
public static void readFile(Thread thread) {
lock.readLock().lock();
boolean readLock = lock.isWriteLocked();
if (!readLock) {
System.out.println("当前为读锁！");
}
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(20);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":正在进行读操作……");
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":读操作完毕！");
} finally {
System.out.println("释放读锁！");
lock.readLock().unlock();
}
}
// 写操作
public static void writeFile(Thread thread) {
lock.writeLock().lock();
boolean writeLock = lock.isWriteLocked();
if (writeLock) {
System.out.println("当前为写锁！");
}
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(20);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":正在进行写操作……");
}
System.out.println(thread.getName() + ":写操作完毕！");
} finally {
System.out.println("释放写锁！");
lock.writeLock().unlock();
}
}
}
ReetrantReadWriteLock 读写锁的实现中，需要注意的，当有读锁时，写锁就不能获得；而当有写锁时，除了获得写锁的这个线程可以获得读锁外，其他线程不能获得读锁。