List x = new LinkedList();

List x = new ArrayList();

//: SimpleCollection.java
// A simple example using the new Collections
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class SimpleCollection {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Collection c = new ArrayList();
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
      c.add(Integer.toString(i));
    Iterator it = c.iterator();
    while(it.hasNext())
      System.out.println(it.next());
  }
} ///:~

java c08.newcollections.SimpleCollection

Boolean add(Object)

*Ensures that the Collection contains the argument. Returns false if it doesn’t add the argument.

Boolean addAll(Collection)

*Adds all the elements in the argument. Returns true if any elements were added.

void clear( )

*Removes all the elements in the Collection.

Boolean contains(Object)

True if the Collection contains the argument.

Boolean containsAll(Collection)

True if the Collection contains all the elements in the argument.

Boolean isEmpty( )

True if the Collection has no elements.

Iterator iterator( )

Returns an Iterator that you can use to move through the elements in the Collection.

Boolean remove(Object)

*If the argument is in the Collection, one instance of that element is removed. Returns true if a removal occurred.

Boolean removeAll(Collection)

*Removes all the elements that are contained in the argument. Returns true if any removals occurred.

Boolean retainAll(Collection)

*Retains only elements that are contained in the argument (an “intersection” from set theory). Returns true if any changes occurred.

int size( )

Returns the number of elements in the Collection.

Object[] toArray( )

Returns an array containing all the elements in the Collection.

Object[] toArray(Object[] a)

Returns an array containing all the elements in the Collection, whose type is that of the array a rather than plain Object (you must cast the array to the right type).


*This is an “optional” method, which means it might not be implemented by a particular Collection. If not, that method throws an UnsupportedOperationException. Exceptions will be covered in Chapter 9.


boolean add(Object) ＊保证集合内包含了自变量。如果它没有添加自变量，就返回false（假）
boolean addAll(Collection) ＊添加自变量内的所有元素。如果没有添加元素，则返回true（真）
void clear() ＊删除集合内的所有元素
boolean contains(Object) 若集合包含自变量，就返回“真”
boolean containsAll(Collection) 若集合包含了自变量内的所有元素，就返回“真”
boolean isEmpty() 若集合内没有元素，就返回“真”
Iterator iterator() 返回一个迭代器，以用它遍历集合的各元素
boolean remove(Object) ＊如自变量在集合里，就删除那个元素的一个实例。如果已进行了删除，就返回“真”
boolean removeAll(Collection) ＊删除自变量里的所有元素。如果已进行了任何删除，就返回“真”
boolean retainAll(Collection) ＊只保留包含在一个自变量里的元素（一个理论的“交集”）。如果已进行了任何改变，就返回“真”
int size() 返回集合内的元素数量
Object[] toArray() 返回包含了集合内所有元素的一个数组

＊这是一个“可选的”方法，有的集合可能并未实现它。若确实如此，该方法就会遇到一个UnsupportedOperatiionException，即一个“操作不支持”异常，详见第9章。

//: Collection1.java
// Things you can do with all Collections
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class Collection1 {
  // Fill with 'size' elements, start
  // counting at 'start':
  public static Collection
  fill(Collection c, int start, int size) {
    for(int i = start; i < start + size; i++)
      c.add(Integer.toString(i));
    return c;
  }
  // Default to a "start" of 0:
  public static Collection
  fill(Collection c, int size) {
    return fill(c, 0, size);
  }
  // Default to 10 elements:
  public static Collection fill(Collection c) {
    return fill(c, 0, 10);
  }
  // Create & upcast to Collection:
  public static Collection newCollection() {
    return fill(new ArrayList());
    // ArrayList is used for simplicity, but it's
    // only seen as a generic Collection
    // everywhere else in the program.
  }
  // Fill a Collection with a range of values:
  public static Collection
  newCollection(int start, int size) {
    return fill(new ArrayList(), start, size);
  }
  // Moving through a List with an iterator:
  public static void print(Collection c) {
    for(Iterator x = c.iterator(); x.hasNext();)
      System.out.print(x.next() + " ");
    System.out.println();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Collection c = newCollection();
    c.add("ten");
    c.add("eleven");
    print(c);
    // Make an array from the List:
    Object[] array = c.toArray();
    // Make a String array from the List:
    String[] str =
      (String[])c.toArray(new String[1]);
    // Find max and min elements; this means
    // different things depending on the way
    // the Comparable interface is implemented:
    System.out.println("Collections.max(c) = " +
      Collections.max(c));
    System.out.println("Collections.min(c) = " +
      Collections.min(c));
    // Add a Collection to another Collection
    c.addAll(newCollection());
    print(c);
    c.remove("3"); // Removes the first one
    print(c);
    c.remove("3"); // Removes the second one
    print(c);
    // Remove all components that are in the
    // argument collection:
    c.removeAll(newCollection());
    print(c);
    c.addAll(newCollection());
    print(c);
    // Is an element in this Collection?
    System.out.println(
      "c.contains(\"4\") = " + c.contains("4"));
    // Is a Collection in this Collection?
    System.out.println(
      "c.containsAll(newCollection()) = " +
      c.containsAll(newCollection()));
    Collection c2 = newCollection(5, 3);
    // Keep all the elements that are in both
    // c and c2 (an intersection of sets):
    c.retainAll(c2);
    print(c);
    // Throw away all the elements in c that
    // also appear in c2:
    c.removeAll(c2);
    System.out.println("c.isEmpty() = " +
      c.isEmpty());
    c = newCollection();
    print(c);
    c.clear(); // Remove all elements
    System.out.println("after c.clear():");
    print(c);
  }
} ///:~

List (interface)

Order is the most important feature of a List; it promises to maintain elements in a particular sequence. List adds a number of methods to Collection that allow insertion and removal of elements in the middle of a List. (This is recommended only for a LinkedList.) A List will produce a ListIterator, and using this you can traverse the List in both directions, as well as insert and remove elements in the middle of the list (again, recommended only for a LinkedList).

ArrayList*

A List backed by an array. Use instead of Vector as a general-purpose object holder. Allows rapid random access to elements, but is slow when inserting and removing elements from the middle of a list. ListIterator should be used only for back-and-forth traversal of an ArrayList, but not for inserting and removing elements, which is expensive compared to LinkedList.

LinkedList

Provides optimal sequential access, with inexpensive insertions and deletions from the middle of the list. Relatively slow for random access. (Use ArrayList instead.) Also has addFirst( ), addLast( ), getFirst( ), getLast( ), removeFirst( ), and removeLast( ) (which are not defined in any interfaces or base classes) to allow it to be used as a stack, a queue, and a dequeue.

//: List1.java
// Things you can do with Lists
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class List1 {
  // Wrap Collection1.fill() for convenience:
  public static List fill(List a) {
    return (List)Collection1.fill(a);
  }
  // You can use an Iterator, just as with a
  // Collection, but you can also use random
  // access with get():
  public static void print(List a) {
    for(int i = 0; i < a.size(); i++)
      System.out.print(a.get(i) + " ");
    System.out.println();
  }
  static boolean b;
  static Object o;
  static int i;
  static Iterator it;
  static ListIterator lit;
  public static void basicTest(List a) {
    a.add(1, "x"); // Add at location 1
    a.add("x"); // Add at end
    // Add a collection:
    a.addAll(fill(new ArrayList()));
    // Add a collection starting at location 3:
    a.addAll(3, fill(new ArrayList()));
    b = a.contains("1"); // Is it in there?
    // Is the entire collection in there?
    b = a.containsAll(fill(new ArrayList()));
    // Lists allow random access, which is cheap
    // for ArrayList, expensive for LinkedList:
    o = a.get(1); // Get object at location 1
    i = a.indexOf("1"); // Tell index of object
    // indexOf, starting search at location 2:
    i = a.indexOf("1", 2);
    b = a.isEmpty(); // Any elements inside?
    it = a.iterator(); // Ordinary Iterator
    lit = a.listIterator(); // ListIterator
    lit = a.listIterator(3); // Start at loc 3
    i = a.lastIndexOf("1"); // Last match
    i = a.lastIndexOf("1", 2); // ...after loc 2
    a.remove(1); // Remove location 1
    a.remove("3"); // Remove this object
    a.set(1, "y"); // Set location 1 to "y"
    // Keep everything that's in the argument
    // (the intersection of the two sets):
    a.retainAll(fill(new ArrayList()));
    // Remove elements in this range:
    a.removeRange(0, 2);
    // Remove everything that's in the argument:
    a.removeAll(fill(new ArrayList()));
    i = a.size(); // How big is it?
    a.clear(); // Remove all elements
  }
  public static void iterMotion(List a) {
    ListIterator it = a.listIterator();
    b = it.hasNext();
    b = it.hasPrevious();
    o = it.next();
    i = it.nextIndex();
    o = it.previous();
    i = it.previousIndex();
  }
  public static void iterManipulation(List a) {
    ListIterator it = a.listIterator();
    it.add("47");
    // Must move to an element after add():
    it.next();
    // Remove the element that was just produced:
    it.remove();
    // Must move to an element after remove():
    it.next();
    // Change the element that was just produced:
    it.set("47");
  }
  public static void testVisual(List a) {
    print(a);
    List b = new ArrayList();
    fill(b);
    System.out.print("b = ");
    print(b);
    a.addAll(b);
    a.addAll(fill(new ArrayList()));
    print(a);
    // Shrink the list by removing all the
    // elements beyond the first 1/2 of the list
    System.out.println(a.size());
    System.out.println(a.size()/2);
    a.removeRange(a.size()/2, a.size()/2 + 2);
    print(a);
    // Insert, remove, and replace elements
    // using a ListIterator:
    ListIterator x = a.listIterator(a.size()/2);
    x.add("one");
    print(a);
    System.out.println(x.next());
    x.remove();
    System.out.println(x.next());
    x.set("47");
    print(a);
    // Traverse the list backwards:
    x = a.listIterator(a.size());
    while(x.hasPrevious())
      System.out.print(x.previous() + " ");
    System.out.println();
    System.out.println("testVisual finished");
  }
  // There are some things that only
  // LinkedLists can do:
  public static void testLinkedList() {
    LinkedList ll = new LinkedList();
    Collection1.fill(ll, 5);
    print(ll);
    // Treat it like a stack, pushing:
    ll.addFirst("one");
    ll.addFirst("two");
    print(ll);
    // Like "peeking" at the top of a stack:
    System.out.println(ll.getFirst());
    // Like popping a stack:
    System.out.println(ll.removeFirst());
    System.out.println(ll.removeFirst());
    // Treat it like a queue, pulling elements
    // off the tail end:
    System.out.println(ll.removeLast());
    // With the above operations, it's a dequeue!
    print(ll);
  }
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    // Make and fill a new list each time:
    basicTest(fill(new LinkedList()));
    basicTest(fill(new ArrayList()));
    iterMotion(fill(new LinkedList()));
    iterMotion(fill(new ArrayList()));
    iterManipulation(fill(new LinkedList()));
    iterManipulation(fill(new ArrayList()));
    testVisual(fill(new LinkedList()));
    testLinkedList();
  }
} ///:~

Set (interface)

Each element that you add to the Set must be unique; otherwise the Set doesn’t add the duplicate element. Objects added to a Set must define equals( ) to establish object uniqueness. Set has exactly the same interface as Collection. The Set interface does not guarantee it will maintain its elements in any particular order.

HashSet*

For Sets where fast lookup time is important. Objects must also define hashCode( ).

TreeSet

An ordered Set backed by a red-black tree. This way, you can extract an ordered sequence from a Set.

//: Set1.java
// Things you can do with Sets
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class Set1 {
  public static void testVisual(Set a) {
    Collection1.fill(a);
    Collection1.fill(a);
    Collection1.fill(a);
    Collection1.print(a); // No duplicates!
    // Add another set to this one:
    a.addAll(a);
    a.add("one");
    a.add("one");
    a.add("one");
    Collection1.print(a);
    // Look something up:
    System.out.println("a.contains(\"one\"): " +
      a.contains("one"));
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    testVisual(new HashSet());
    testVisual(new TreeSet());
  }
} ///:~

//: Set2.java
// Putting your own type in a Set
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

class MyType implements Comparable {
  private int i;
  public MyType(int n) { i = n; }
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    return
      (o instanceof MyType)
      && (i == ((MyType)o).i);
  }
  public int hashCode() { return i; }
  public String toString() { return i + " "; }
  public int compareTo(Object o) {
    int i2 = ((MyType) o).i;
    return (i2 < i ? -1 : (i2 == i ? 0 : 1));
  }
}

public class Set2 {
  public static Set fill(Set a, int size) {
    for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
      a.add(new MyType(i));
    return a;
  }
  public static Set fill(Set a) {
    return fill(a, 10);
  }
  public static void test(Set a) {
    fill(a);
    fill(a); // Try to add duplicates
    fill(a);
    a.addAll(fill(new TreeSet()));
    System.out.println(a);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    test(new HashSet());
    test(new TreeSet());
  }
} ///:~

Map (interface)

Maintains key-value associations (pairs), so you can look up a value using a key.

HashMap*

Implementation based on a hash table. (Use this instead of Hashtable.) Provides constant-time performance for inserting and locating pairs. Performance can be adjusted via constructors that allow you to set the capacity and load factor of the hash table.

TreeMap

Implementation based on a red-black tree. When you view the keys or the pairs, they will be in sorted order (determined by Comparable or Comparator, discussed later). The point of a TreeMap is that you get the results in sorted order. TreeMap is the only Map with the subMap( ) method, which allows you to return a portion of the tree.

//: Map1.java
// Things you can do with Maps
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class Map1 {
  public final static String[][] testData1 = {
    { "Happy", "Cheerful disposition" },
    { "Sleepy", "Prefers dark, quiet places" },
    { "Grumpy", "Needs to work on attitude" },
    { "Doc", "Fantasizes about advanced degree"},
    { "Dopey", "'A' for effort" },
    { "Sneezy", "Struggles with allergies" },
    { "Bashful", "Needs self-esteem workshop"},
  };
  public final static String[][] testData2 = {
    { "Belligerent", "Disruptive influence" },
    { "Lazy", "Motivational problems" },
    { "Comatose", "Excellent behavior" }
  };
  public static Map fill(Map m, Object[][] o) {
    for(int i = 0; i < o.length; i++)
      m.put(o[i][0], o[i][1]);
    return m;
  }
  // Producing a Set of the keys:
  public static void printKeys(Map m) {
    System.out.print("Size = " + m.size() +", ");
    System.out.print("Keys: ");
    Collection1.print(m.keySet());
  }
  // Producing a Collection of the values:
  public static void printValues(Map m) {
    System.out.print("Values: ");
    Collection1.print(m.values());
  }
  // Iterating through Map.Entry objects (pairs):
  public static void print(Map m) {
    Collection entries = m.entries();
    Iterator it = entries.iterator();
    while(it.hasNext()) {
      Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)it.next();
      System.out.println("Key = " + e.getKey() +
        ", Value = " + e.getValue());
    }
  }
  public static void test(Map m) {
    fill(m, testData1);
    // Map has 'Set' behavior for keys:
    fill(m, testData1);
    printKeys(m);
    printValues(m);
    print(m);
    String key = testData1[4][0];
    String value = testData1[4][1];
    System.out.println("m.containsKey(\"" + key +
      "\"): " + m.containsKey(key));
    System.out.println("m.get(\"" + key + "\"): "
      + m.get(key));
    System.out.println("m.containsValue(\""
      + value + "\"): " +
      m.containsValue(value));
    Map m2 = fill(new TreeMap(), testData2);
    m.putAll(m2);
    printKeys(m);
    m.remove(testData2[0][0]);
    printKeys(m);
    m.clear();
    System.out.println("m.isEmpty(): "
      + m.isEmpty());
    fill(m, testData1);
    // Operations on the Set change the Map:
    m.keySet().removeAll(m.keySet());
    System.out.println("m.isEmpty(): "
      + m.isEmpty());
  }
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    System.out.println("Testing HashMap");
    test(new HashMap());
    System.out.println("Testing TreeMap");
    test(new TreeMap());
  }
} ///:~

//: ListPerformance.java
// Demonstrates performance differences in Lists
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class ListPerformance {
  private static final int REPS = 100;
  private abstract static class Tester {
    String name;
    int size; // Test quantity
    Tester(String name, int size) {
      this.name = name;
      this.size = size;
    }
    abstract void test(List a);
  }
  private static Tester[] tests = {
    new Tester("get", 300) {
      void test(List a) {
        for(int i = 0; i < REPS; i++) {
          for(int j = 0; j < a.size(); j++)
            a.get(j);
        }
      }
    },
    new Tester("iteration", 300) {
      void test(List a) {
        for(int i = 0; i < REPS; i++) {
          Iterator it = a.iterator();
          while(it.hasNext())
            it.next();
        }
      }
    },
    new Tester("insert", 1000) {
      void test(List a) {
        int half = a.size()/2;
        String s = "test";
        ListIterator it = a.listIterator(half);
        for(int i = 0; i < size * 10; i++)
          it.add(s);
      }
    },
    new Tester("remove", 5000) {
      void test(List a) {
        ListIterator it = a.listIterator(3);
        while(it.hasNext()) {
          it.next();
          it.remove();
        }
      }
    },
  };
  public static void test(List a) {
    // A trick to print out the class name:
    System.out.println("Testing " +
      a.getClass().getName());
    for(int i = 0; i < tests.length; i++) {
      Collection1.fill(a, tests[i].size);
      System.out.print(tests[i].name);
      long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      tests[i].test(a);
      long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      System.out.println(": " + (t2 - t1));
    }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    test(new ArrayList());
    test(new LinkedList());
  }
} ///:~

ArrayList 110 270 1920 4780
LinkedList 1870 7580 170 110

//: SetPerformance.java
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class SetPerformance {
  private static final int REPS = 200;
  private abstract static class Tester {
    String name;
    Tester(String name) { this.name = name; }
    abstract void test(Set s, int size);
  }
  private static Tester[] tests = {
    new Tester("add") {
      void test(Set s, int size) {
        for(int i = 0; i < REPS; i++) {
          s.clear();
          Collection1.fill(s, size);
        }
      }
    },
    new Tester("contains") {
      void test(Set s, int size) {
        for(int i = 0; i < REPS; i++)
          for(int j = 0; j < size; j++)
            s.contains(Integer.toString(j));
      }
    },
    new Tester("iteration") {
      void test(Set s, int size) {
        for(int i = 0; i < REPS * 10; i++) {
          Iterator it = s.iterator();
          while(it.hasNext())
            it.next();
        }
      }
    },
  };
  public static void test(Set s, int size) {
    // A trick to print out the class name:
    System.out.println("Testing " +
      s.getClass().getName() + " size " + size);
    Collection1.fill(s, size);
    for(int i = 0; i < tests.length; i++) {
      System.out.print(tests[i].name);
      long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      tests[i].test(s, size);
      long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      System.out.println(": " +
        ((double)(t2 - t1)/(double)size));
    }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // Small:
    test(new TreeSet(), 10);
    test(new HashSet(), 10);
    // Medium:
    test(new TreeSet(), 100);
    test(new HashSet(), 100);
    // Large:
    test(new HashSet(), 1000);
    test(new TreeSet(), 1000);
  }
} ///:~

//: MapPerformance.java
// Demonstrates performance differences in Maps
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class MapPerformance {
  private static final int REPS = 200;
  public static Map fill(Map m, int size) {
    for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
      String x = Integer.toString(i);
      m.put(x, x);
    }
    return m;
  }
  private abstract static class Tester {
    String name;
    Tester(String name) { this.name = name; }
    abstract void test(Map m, int size);
  }
  private static Tester[] tests = {
    new Tester("put") {
      void test(Map m, int size) {
        for(int i = 0; i < REPS; i++) {
          m.clear();
          fill(m, size);
        }
      }
    },
    new Tester("get") {
      void test(Map m, int size) {
        for(int i = 0; i < REPS; i++)
          for(int j = 0; j < size; j++)
            m.get(Integer.toString(j));
      }
    },
    new Tester("iteration") {
      void test(Map m, int size) {
        for(int i = 0; i < REPS * 10; i++) {
          Iterator it = m.entries().iterator();
          while(it.hasNext())
            it.next();
        }
      }
    },
  };
  public static void test(Map m, int size) {
    // A trick to print out the class name:
    System.out.println("Testing " +
      m.getClass().getName() + " size " + size);
    fill(m, size);
    for(int i = 0; i < tests.length; i++) {
      System.out.print(tests[i].name);
      long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      tests[i].test(m, size);
      long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
      System.out.println(": " +
        ((double)(t2 - t1)/(double)size));
    }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // Small:
    test(new Hashtable(), 10);
    test(new HashMap(), 10);
    test(new TreeMap(), 10);
    // Medium:
    test(new Hashtable(), 100);
    test(new HashMap(), 100);
    test(new TreeMap(), 100);
    // Large:
    test(new HashMap(), 1000);
    test(new Hashtable(), 1000);
    test(new TreeMap(), 1000);
  }
} ///:~

//: MapCreation.java
// Demonstrates time differences in Map creation
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class MapCreation {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    final long REPS = 100000;
    long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.print("Hashtable");
    for(long i = 0; i < REPS; i++)
      new Hashtable();
    long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.println(": " + (t2 - t1));
    t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.print("TreeMap");
    for(long i = 0; i < REPS; i++)
      new TreeMap();
    t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.println(": " + (t2 - t1));
    t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.print("HashMap");
    for(long i = 0; i < REPS; i++)
      new HashMap();
    t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.println(": " + (t2 - t1));
  }
} ///:~

//: Unsupported.java
// Sometimes methods defined in the Collection
// interfaces don't work!
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class Unsupported {
  private static String[] s = {
    "one", "two", "three", "four", "five",
    "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten",
  };
  static List a = Arrays.toList(s);
  static List a2 = Arrays.toList(
    new String[] { s[3], s[4], s[5] });
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Collection1.print(a); // Iteration
    System.out.println(
      "a.contains(" + s[0] + ") = " +
      a.contains(s[0]));
    System.out.println(
      "a.containsAll(a2) = " +
      a.containsAll(a2));
    System.out.println("a.isEmpty() = " +
      a.isEmpty());
    System.out.println(
      "a.indexOf(" + s[5] + ") = " +
      a.indexOf(s[5]));
    // Traverse backwards:
    ListIterator lit = a.listIterator(a.size());
    while(lit.hasPrevious())
      System.out.print(lit.previous());
    System.out.println();
    // Set the elements to different values:
    for(int i = 0; i < a.size(); i++)
      a.set(i, "47");
    Collection1.print(a);
    // Compiles, but won't run:
    lit.add("X"); // Unsupported operation
    a.clear(); // Unsupported
    a.add("eleven"); // Unsupported
    a.addAll(a2); // Unsupported
    a.retainAll(a2); // Unsupported
    a.remove(s[0]); // Unsupported
    a.removeAll(a2); // Unsupported
  }
} ///:~

//: Array1.java
// Testing the sorting & searching in Arrays
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class Array1 {
  static Random r = new Random();
  static String ssource =
    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" +
    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
  static char[] src = ssource.toCharArray();
  // Create a random String
  public static String randString(int length) {
    char[] buf = new char[length];
    int rnd;
    for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
      rnd = Math.abs(r.nextInt()) % src.length;
      buf[i] = src[rnd];
    }
    return new String(buf);
  }
  // Create a random array of Strings:
  public static
  String[] randStrings(int length, int size) {
    String[] s = new String[size];
    for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)
      s[i] = randString(length);
    return s;
  }
  public static void print(byte[] b) {
    for(int i = 0; i < b.length; i++)
      System.out.print(b[i] + " ");
    System.out.println();
  }
  public static void print(String[] s) {
    for(int i = 0; i < s.length; i++)
      System.out.print(s[i] + " ");
    System.out.println();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    byte[] b = new byte[15];
    r.nextBytes(b); // Fill with random bytes
    print(b);
    Arrays.sort(b);
    print(b);
    int loc = Arrays.binarySearch(b, b[10]);
    System.out.println("Location of " + b[10] +
      " = " + loc);
    // Test String sort & search:
    String[] s = randStrings(4, 10);
    print(s);
    Arrays.sort(s);
    print(s);
    loc = Arrays.binarySearch(s, s[4]);
    System.out.println("Location of " + s[4] +
      " = " + loc);
  }
} ///:~

//: AlphaComp.java
// Using Comparator to perform an alphabetic sort
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class AlphaComp implements Comparator {
  public int compare(Object o1, Object o2) {
    // Assume it's used only for Strings...
    String s1 = ((String)o1).toLowerCase();
    String s2 = ((String)o2).toLowerCase();
    return s1.compareTo(s2);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String[] s = Array1.randStrings(4, 10);
    Array1.print(s);
    AlphaComp ac = new AlphaComp();
    Arrays.sort(s, ac);
    Array1.print(s);
    // Must use the Comparator to search, also:
    int loc = Arrays.binarySearch(s, s[3], ac);
    System.out.println("Location of " + s[3] +
     " = " + loc);
  }
} ///:~

//: CompClass.java
// A class that implements Comparable
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class CompClass implements Comparable {
  private int i;
  public CompClass(int ii) { i = ii; }
  public int compareTo(Object o) {
    // Implicitly tests for correct type:
    int argi = ((CompClass)o).i;
    if(i == argi) return 0;
    if(i < argi) return -1;
    return 1;
  }
  public static void print(Object[] a) {
    for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
      System.out.print(a[i] + " ");
    System.out.println();
  }
  public String toString() { return i + ""; }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CompClass[] a = new CompClass[20];
    for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
      a[i] = new CompClass(
        (int)(Math.random() *100));
    print(a);
    Arrays.sort(a);
    print(a);
    int loc = Arrays.binarySearch(a, a[3]);
    System.out.println("Location of " + a[3] +
     " = " + loc);
  }
} ///:~

//: ListSort.java
// Sorting and searching Lists with 'Collections'
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class ListSort {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    final int SZ = 20;
    // Using "natural comparison method":
    List a = new ArrayList();
    for(int i = 0; i < SZ; i++)
      a.add(new CompClass(
        (int)(Math.random() *100)));
    Collection1.print(a);
    Collections.sort(a);
    Collection1.print(a);
    Object find = a.get(SZ/2);
    int loc = Collections.binarySearch(a, find);
    System.out.println("Location of " + find +
     " = " + loc);
    // Using a Comparator:
    List b = new ArrayList();
    for(int i = 0; i < SZ; i++)
      b.add(Array1.randString(4));
    Collection1.print(b);
    AlphaComp ac = new AlphaComp();
    Collections.sort(b, ac);
    Collection1.print(b);
    find = b.get(SZ/2);
    // Must use the Comparator to search, also:
    loc = Collections.binarySearch(b, find, ac);
    System.out.println("Location of " + find +
     " = " + loc);
  }
} ///:~

enumeration(Collection)

Produces an old-style Enumeration for the argument.

max(Collection)

min(Collection)

Produces the maximum or minimum element in the argument using the natural comparison method of the objects in the Collection.

max(Collection, Comparator)

min(Collection, Comparator)

Produces the maximum or minimum element in the Collection using the Comparator.

nCopies(int n, Object o)

Returns an immutable List of size n whose handles all point to o.

subList(List, int min, int max)

Returns a new List backed by the specified argument List that is a window into that argument with indexes starting at min and stopping just before max.
``` java
enumeration(Collection) 为自变量产生原始风格的Enumeration（枚举）

max(Collection)，min(Collection) 在自变量中用集合内对象的自然比较方法产生最大或最小元素

max(Collection,Comparator)，min(Collection,Comparator) 在集合内用比较器产生最大或最小元素

nCopies(int n, Object o) 返回长度为n的一个不可变列表，它的所有指针均指向o

subList(List,int min,int max) 返回由指定参数列表后推得到的一个新列表。可将这个列表想象成一个“窗口”，它自索引为min的地方开始，正好结束于max的前面

注意min()和max()都是随同Collection对象工作的，而非随同List，所以不必担心Collection是否需要排序（就象早先指出的那样，在执行一次binarySearch()——即二进制搜索——之前，必须对一个List或者一个数组执行sort()）。

1. 使Collection或Map不可修改

通常，创建Collection或Map的一个“只读”版本显得更有利一些。Collections类允许我们达到这个目标，方法是将原始容器传递进入一个方法，并令其传回一个只读版本。这个方法共有四种变化形式，分别用于Collection（如果不想把集合当作一种更特殊的类型对待）、List、Set以及Map。下面这个例子演示了为它们分别构建只读版本的正确方法：

``` java
//: ReadOnly.java
// Using the Collections.unmodifiable methods
package c08.newcollections;
import java.util.*;

public class ReadOnly {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Collection c = new ArrayList();
    Collection1.fill(c); // Insert useful data
    c = Collections.unmodifiableCollection(c);
    Collection1.print(c); // Reading is OK
    //! c.add("one"); // Can't change it

    List a = new ArrayList();
    Collection1.fill(a);
    a = Collections.unmodifiableList(a);
    ListIterator lit = a.listIterator();
    System.out.println(lit.next()); // Reading OK
    //! lit.add("one"); // Can't change it

    Set s = new HashSet();
    Collection1.fill(s);
    s = Collections.unmodifiableSet(s);
    Collection1.print(s); // Reading OK
    //! s.add("one"); // Can't change it

    Map m = new HashMap();
    Map1.fill(m, Map1.testData1);
    m = Collections.unmodifiableMap(m);
    Map1.print(m); // Reading OK
    //! m.put("Ralph", "Howdy!");
  }
} ///:~